Facial Muscles

Scalp

1. EPICRANIUM

The Epicranium is a vast musculotendinous plate that lines the vertex and sides of the skull, from the occipital bone to the eyebrow. It is formed by the occipital belly and the frontal belly and these are joined by an extensive intermediate aponeurosis: the aponeurotic galea.

* Occipital belly
Origin : lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process
Insertion : Galea aponeurotica
Innervation : Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
Action : Working with the frontal belly, pulls back the scalp, raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead.

* Front Belly
Origin : It does not have bony insertions. Its fibers are continuous with those of the procerus, corrugator and orbicularis oculi.
Insertion : Galea aponeurotica
Innervation : Temporal branches
Action : Working with the occipital belly, pulls back the scalp, raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead. Acting alone, it raises the eyebrows on one or both sides.

2. TEMPOROPARIETAL

The Temporoparietal is a vast, very thin blade.

Origin : Temporal fascia
Insertion : Lateral border of galea aponeurotica
Innervation : Temporal branches
Action : Stretches the scalp and pulls back the skin of the temples. It combines with the occipitofrontal to wrinkle the forehead and widen the eyes (expression of fear and horror).

3. APONEUROTIC GALEA

The Galea Aponeurotica lines the upper part of the skull between the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontal.

Origin : External occipital protuberance and supreme nuchal line of occipital bone
Insertion : Front. On each side receives the insertion of the temporoparietal
Innervation : The frontal and temporoparietal belly are supplied by the temporal branches, and the occipital belly by the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve.
Action : Pulls back the scalp by raising the eyebrow and wrinkling the forehead, as an expression of surprise.

Eyelids

1. EYE ORBICLE

This muscle goes around the entire circumference of the orbit. It is divided into three parts: palpebral, orbital and lacrimal.
Origin : Nasal part of frontal bone (orbital portion), frontal process of maxilla, posterior lacrimal crest (lacrimal portion) and anterior surface and edges of medial palpebral ligament (palpebral portion)
Insertion : Encircles the orbit, like a sphincter

Innervation : Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve
Action : Active eyelid closure

2. SURFACE CORRUGATOR

Origin : Medial end of superciliary arch
Insertion : Deep skin surface
Innervation : Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve
Action : Draws the eyebrow downwards and medially, producing vertical wrinkles on the forehead. Muscles of suffering expression.

Nose

1. PROCERUS

Origin : Fascia that lines the lower part of the nasal bone and the upper part of the lateral nasal cartilage
Insertion : Skin of the lower part of the forehead between the two eyebrows
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Pulls the medial angle of the eyebrow downwards and creates transverse wrinkles over the root of the nose.

2. NASAL (TRANSVERSE OF THE NOSE)

Origin :

* Transverse Portion – Maxilla, above and lateral to the incisive fossa
* Alar portion – Nose wing
Insert :
* Transverse Portion - Dorsal of the nose
* Alar portion - Surrounding the apex of the nose
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Dilation of the nose

3. SEPTUM DEPRESSOR

Origin : Incisive fossa of the maxilla
Insertion : Septum and on the dorsal part of the ala of the nose
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Pulls down the wings of the nose, narrowing the nostrils

Ear

1. PREVIOUS HEADSET

Origin : Anterior portion of fascia in the temporal zone
Insertion : Protrusion in front of helix
Innervation : Temporal branches
Action : Pulls the pinna forward and upward

2. UPPER HEADSET

Origin : temporal zone fascia
Insertion : Flat tendon on the upper part of the cranial surface of the pinna
Innervation : Temporal branches
Action : Pulls the pinna of the ear upwards

3. BACK HEADSET

Origin : Mastoid process
Insertion : Lower part of the cranial surface of the shell
Innervation : Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
Action : Pulls the pinna back

Mouth

1. UPPER LIP LIFTER AND NOSE WING

Origin : Frontal process of the maxilla
Insertion : Divides into two fascicles. One inserts into the greater alar cartilage and the skin of the nose, and the other extends into the upper lip.
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Dilates the nostril and lifts the upper lip

2. UPPER LIP LIFTER

Origin : Inferior margin of orbit above infraorbital foramen, maxillary and zygomatic
Insertion : Upper lip and wing of nose
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Lifts the upper lip and brings it forward a little.

3. MOUTH ANGLE LIFTER

Origin : Canine fossa (maxilla)
Insertion : Angle of mouth
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Elevates the angle of the mouth and accentuates the nasolabial fold

4. ZYGOMATIC MINOR

Origin : Malar surface of zygomatic bone
Insertion : Upper lip (between levator labii superioris and zygomaticus major)
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Assists in the elevation of the upper lip and accentuates the nasolabial fold

5. ZYGOMATIC MAJOR

Origin : Malar surface of zygomatic bone
Insertion : Angle of mouth
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Pulls the angle of the mouth back and up (laughter)

6. LAUGHTER

Origin : Masseter fascia
Insertion : Skin at angle of mouth
Innervation : Mandibular and buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Retracts the angle of the mouth laterally (forced laughter)

7. LOWER LIP DEPRESSOR

Origin : Oblique line of mandible
Insertion : Integument of lower lip
Innervation : Mandibular and buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action: Pulls lower lip straight down and sideways (expression of irony).

8. MENTONIAN

Origin : Incisive fossa of the mandible
Insertion : Chin integument
Innervation : Mandibular and buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Elevates and projects the upper lip and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

9. MENTAL TRANSVERSE

It is not found on all bodies.
Origin : Midline just below the chin
Insertion : Angle of mouth depressor fibers
Innervation : Mandibular and buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Helps to depress the angle of the mouth

10. ANGLE OF MOUTH DEPRESSOR

Origin : Oblique line of mandible
Insertion : Angle of mouth
Innervation : Mandibular and buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Depresses the angle of the mouth (expression of sadness)

11. ORBICULAR OF THE MOUTH

It is not found on all bodies.
Origin : Marginal part and labial part
Insertion : Rhyme of the mouth
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Direct closure of the lips

12. BUCINATOR

Important accessory muscle in mastication, keeping food under direct pressure from the teeth.
Origin : External surface of the alveolar processes of the maxilla, above the mandible
Insertion : Angle of mouth
Innervation : Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Action : Depresses and compresses the cheeks against the mandible and maxilla. Important for whistling and blowing.

FACE MUSCLES - SIDE VIEW

Source: NETTER, Frank H.. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 2nd edition Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2000.

FACE MUSCLES - BACK VIEW

Source: NETTER, Frank H.. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 2nd edition Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2000.